Hiroshima Nagasaki Bombing Horror stories

Atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks during World War II against the Japanese empire by the United States on orders of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. After six months of the bombing of 67 other Japanese cities, the nuclear weapon "Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by on August 9, 1945, dropped a nuclear bomb" Fat Man on Nagasaki. Both those dates were the only nuclear attack ever occurred.

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history of processor

This is a brief history of AMD processors who currently known to us till now with a superior product that is Athlon64 Processor and PHENOM. Advanced Micro Devices was founded on May 1, 1969, by a group of former executives from Fairchild Semiconductor, including Jerry Sanders III, Ed Turney, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford and three members from Gifford team, Frank Botte, Jim Giles and Larry Stenger . The company started as a producer of logic chips, then entered the RAM chip business in 1975.

That same year, it introduced a reverse-engineered clone of the Intel 8080 microprocessor. During this period, AMD also designed and produced a series of bit-slice processor elements (Am2900, Am29116, Am293xx) used in various minicomputer designs.

After the end of the 1980s, some developers chipset, AMD sperti (advaced Micro Devices) and Cyrix began to challenge Intel by producing its own processor chips "Intel-competibel". The chip can support a series of instructions that are on Intel processors. Cheaper, and sometimes has an ability to reply more than the Intel product.
AMD began to pound the market with homemade processor in 1996, with the release of the AMD K5.

Previously, AMD is making processors such as AM486 on the Intel 386 and 486, but still under license Intel. AMD K5 who received a good response. Then there is the AMD K6 who was released in 1997, with 166 and 200MHz speeds. This processor is released to compete with Intel processor capabilities. The advantages of AMD processors is the ability to overclock.

Same with AMD, after producing for Intel's X86 processor on the Intel 286 and 386, Cyrix decided to make my own with the release of Cyrix 486 DX-4 for the first time in the early '90s. Continued in 1995, released the Cyrix 6x86 Cyrix, the processor at high speed in his generation, who saygnya had a problem on the compatibility and heat. In 1999 Cyrix was bought by VIA, the Taiwanese chipset company.

Until now the development of microprocessors has been continued and Intel microprocessors still dominate the world. Gordon Moore in 1965 who predicted the number of transistors on integrated circuit (IC) will double every year. This statement was updated Moore in 1995, with research that multiple double the number of transistors will only occur once every two years. Moore's Law until now a guide for the Intel processor in order to spur more reliably, especially the increase in speed with a very significant price reductions.

AMD announced a merger with ATI Technologies on July 24, 2006. 4300000000 AMD paid $ 58 million in cash and shares of stock for a total of U.S. $ 5.4 billion. The merger was completed on October 25, 2006, and ATI is now part of AMD.

In October 2008, AMD announced plans to spin off its manufacturing operations in the form of a multibillion-dollar joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment Co., an investment company formed by the government of Abu Dhabi. The new venture is called GlobalFoundries Inc.. This will allow AMD to focus solely on chip design.

Some of AMD's microprocessor products are:
Turion 64
Duron
Sempron
Kryptonite (K5)
Nexgen (K6 / K6 MMX / K6-2 / K6-3)
Athlon (K7)
Opteron (AMD64 / K8)
Athlon64 (K8L)
Phenom (K10)

For more details visit the site of AMD 

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Specification F-22 Raptor

F-22 Raptor stealth fighter is made ​​in the United States. The aircraft was originally planned to be used as air superiority fighter for fighter aircraft used against the Soviet Union, but the aircraft is equipped for ground attack, electronic warfare and signals intelligence. This aircraft through a long period of development, prototype versions were named YF-22, three years before it was officially adopted named F/A-22, and eventually was named the F-22A when it officially came into use in December 2005. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor responsible for producing most of the airframe, armament, and the assembly of the F-22. Then his partner, Boeing Integrated Defense Systems manufactures the wings, avionics equipment, and pilot training and maintenance.



History
Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) is a contract for the demonstration and validation program that made ​​the United States Air Force to develop a new generation air superiority fighter to face threats from outside the United States, including the development of the Su-27 aircraft-grade Soviet era.
In 1981, the United States Air Force to map the requirements to be met a new fighter aircraft that is planned to replace the F-15 Eagle. ATF planned to integrate modern technology such as advanced metal and composite materials, advanced control systems, high-powered propulsion systems, and stealth aircraft technology.
Proposals for the contract was filed in 1986, by two contractor teams, namely the Lockheed-Boeing-General Dynamics and Northrop-McDonnell Douglas, which was elected in October 1986 for the demonstration and validation phase for 50 months, which eventually produced two prototypes, the YF -22 and the YF-23.
The aircraft is planned to be the most advanced U.S. aircraft at the beginning of the 21st century, therefore, this aircraft is the most expensive fighter aircraft, at a price of U.S. $ 120 million per unit, or U.S. $ 361 million per unit when added to the cost of development. In April 2005, the total development cost of this program is U.S. $ 70 billion, causing the number of aircraft planned to be made down to 438, then 381, and now 180, from the initial plan of 750 aircraft. One of the factors causing this reduction is due to the F-35 Lightning II will have the same technology as the F-22, but with a cheaper unit price.


YF-22 'Lightning II'
YF-22 is a plane development is the basis for the manufacture of the F-22 production version. However, there are some significant differences between the two, ie changes in the position of the cockpit, structural changes, and many other small changes. Both aircraft are often confused in the photographs, usually at the point of view that it is difficult to see certain features. YF-22 Lighting II are given nicknames by Lockheed, this name lasted until the mid-1990s. For some time, this aircraft was also given the nickname SuperStar and Rapier. But the F-35 then officially got the name Lighting II on July 7, 2006
YF-22 ATF awarded after winning a competition to fly to beat Northrop YF-23 made ​​by McDonnell-Douglas. In April 2002, at the time of testing, the first YF-22 prototype crashed while landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The test pilot, Tom Morgenfeld, was not injured. The cause of this fall is a fault in the software.

movement
Dual turbofan engines Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 F-22 has the ability to push the power steering. Steering can adjust the rotation axis pitch to about 20 °. Maximum engine thrust is still a secret, but estimated about 35,000 lbf (156 kN) per turbofan. The maximum speed of the aircraft is estimated at about Mach 1.2 when the supercruise without external weapons. With afterburners, according to Lockheed Martin, its speed "more than Mach 2.0" (2120 km / h).
F-22 also can maneuver very well at supersonic and subsonic speeds. The use of steering thrust can make a sharp turn, and perform extreme maneuvers such as the Herbst maneuver, Pugachev Cobra, and Kulbit. F-22 can also maintain a constant attack angle greater than 60 °. Altitude also affects attacks fly. In military exercises in Alaska in June 2006, the F-22 pilots said that the ability to fly at higher altitudes than the other aircraft is one of the determinants of the F-22 victory in the exercise.


APG-77 radar-1A used by the F-22.
F-22 uses AN/APG-77 AESA radar designed for the operation of air superiority and ground attack, which is difficult to detect aircraft opponent, using an active aperture, and can track several targets at once in any weather. AN/APG-77 change frequency 1,000 times every second, making it also very difficult to trace. The radar can also focus the emission of the sensor opponent, the opponent makes the plane to crash.
The information on this radar is processed by two Raytheon processors, each of which can perform 10.5 billion operations per second, and has 300 megabytes of memory. The software on the F-22 consists of 1.7 million lines of code, most of which are captured radar data processing. The radar has a range of about 125-150 miles, and is planned to be updated with the maximum distance of 250 miles.
F-22 has several unique functions for an aircraft its size. Among others, these aircraft have the capability of detection and identification of an enemy that is almost equivalent to the RC-135 Rivet Joint Capabilities "mini-AWACS" This makes the F-22 is very useful in the forefront. This could indicate a target aircraft to aircraft F-15 and F-16, and can even find out what aircraft airplane friend was targeted, so a friend can make the plane do not pursue the same target
Used aircraft data bus, named MIL-STD-1394b, which is designed specifically for the F-22. Bus system was developed from a commercial system FireWire (IEEE-1394), which was created by Apple and is often found on Apple Macintosh computers. Data bus system will also be used on fighter aircraft F-35 Lightning II

armament
F-22 is designed to carry air-to-air missiles are stored internally in the fuselage so as not to interfere with the ability silumannya. Missile launch was preceded by opening the valve arms and missiles is driven downward by a hydraulic system. This aircraft could also carry bombs such as Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Small-Diameter Bomb (SDB) is more recent. In addition to internal storage, this aircraft can also carry weapons on four external points, but if it is used will greatly reduce the ability of stealth, speed, and agility. For backup guns, F-22 carrying automatic cannon M61A2 Vulcan 20 mm stored in the right side of the aircraft, the gun was carrying 480 rounds, and will be discharged if fired continuously for about five seconds. Nevertheless, the F-22 can use this gun when the fight without being detected, which will be needed when the missile is up.


general characteristics

     * Crew: 1
     * Length: 62 feet 1 in. (18.90 m)
     * Wingspan: 44 ft 6 in (13.56 m)
     * Height: 16 ft 8 in (5.08 m)
     * Wing area: 840 ft ² (78.04 m²)
     * Airfoil: NACA 64A? 05.92 root, NACA 64A? 04.29 tip
     * Empty weight: 31,670 lb (14,365 kg)
     * Weight loaded: 55,352 lb (25,107 kg)
     * Maximum takeoff weight: 80,000 lb (36,288 kg)
     * Engine: 2 × Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 turbofan thrust pitch steering, 35,000 lb (155.7 kN) each

performance

     * Maximum speed: ≈ Mach 2.42 (2575 km / h) at altituda / high altitude
     * Cruise speed: Mach 1.72 (1825 km / h) at altituda / high altitude
     * Distance coverage Ferry: 2,000 mi (1738 nm, 3219 km)
     * Roofing service: 65,000 feet (19,812 m)
     * Rate of climb: a secret (not generally known)
     * Expenses wing: 66 lb / ft ² (322 kg / m²)
     * Thrust / weight: 1.26
     * Maximum g-load: -3 / +9 g

armament

     * Cannon: 1 × 20 mm (0.787 in) M61A2 Vulcan gatling gun at the base of the left wing, 480 rounds of ammunition
     * Air to Air:

     * 6 × AIM-120 AMRAAM
     * 2 × AIM-9 Sidewinder

     * Air to ground:

     * 2 × AIM-120 AMRAAM and
     * 2 × AIM-9 Sidewinder and one of:
           o 2 × 1000 lb JDAM or
           o Wind Corrected Munitions 2 × Dispensers (WCMDs) or
           o 8 × 250 lb GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb

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